OAK

A. DEFENISI

1. Benchmark

Benchmark is aras technique using a standard value. An employment program or the ability to do a comparison of a variety of work from some of the equipment in order to improve the quality of the product.

2. Processor Pipeline

Processor Pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the outputs of one element is entered for the next element. Element - element of a pipeline is often carried out in parallel.

3. Set Register

Register processors in computer architecture is a small amount of computer memory that works with very high speed is used to perform the execution of computer programs by providing quick access to the values ​​commonly used. Generally, the values ​​used is being executed in the given time.

4. Multiprocessor

Multiprocessor is a computer system with two or more CPUs that share identical full access kepadacommon RAM (Shared Memory Multiprocessor). Karakterisitik important in multiprocessor.

Computer multiprocessors that have more than one processor, such as processor arrays, associative processor or multiple-processor computers. Performance metrics measure the speed of a computer; sometimes these terms are given specific, such as millions of instruccions or per second (MIPS)
or millions of floating-point operations per second (MFLOPS), and sometimes the terminology associated with computers standart, for instance VAX 11/780.

5. Architectural Merit

Architectural Merit are: computer architecture quality assessment based mainly on the terapnya for the intended wearer, the place, and the kembangnya.

6. Compatibility

Compatibility is a computer that can run binary code intended to run on a computer at lain.kompabilitas is one advantage in the development of computer programs that are directed to the jalalankan on various operating systems. Compatibility The ability of a variety of different computers to run programs yangsarna.

B. Definition and Explanation of SIMD, MISD, SISD and MIMD

1.SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) 

SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) is a term in computing refers to a group of operations that are used to handle large amounts of data very much in parallel efficiently, as happened in vektoratau processor. SIMD first popularized on a large scale supercomputer, though has now been found on a personal computer.

Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD single instruction stream, multiple streams of data. Array processors are included in this category. SIMD machine has an operating CU as yon Neumann machine (that is, it carries a stream of instructions), CU produces control signals for all PE, which operates the same, usually in lockstep, on different data items (ole.h therefore referred to many data stream).

Examples of applications that can take advantage of SIMD is an application that has the same value that is added to many data points, which is common in multimedia applications. One such operation is changing the brightness of an image. Each pixel of a 24-bit image contains three 8-bit values ​​brightnees size of the portion of the red, green, and blue. 

To make changes to brightness, the R, G, and Bakan read from memory, and a new value is added (or reduced) for the values ​​of R, G, B and the value will eventually be returned (written back) into memory.

2. MISD (Multipe Instruction Single Data Stream)

MISD (Multipe Instruction Single Data Stream) is jenisarsitektur parallel computation in which many different operating fungsionalmelakukan unit on the same data. Arsitekturpipa included in this type, though Purist might say that having different data processed by each stage in the pipeline. 

Fault-tolerant computer executes instructions samasecara excess in order to detect and maskerkesalahan, in a manner known as replication tasks, can be considered belonging to this type. There are many examples of architecture iniada, as MIMD and SIMD is often more accurate to teknikparalel general data.

In particular, they allow better scalability and utilization of computational resources of MISD tidak.Namun, one of the outstanding examples of the computation is MISD computer space shuttle flight control.

3. SISD (Single Instruction Single Data Stream)

SISD (Single Instruction Single Data Stream) is a term that refers to a computer architecture in which a single processor, a uniprocessor, executes a single instruction stream, to operate padadata stored in a single memory. This corresponds to a arsitekturvon Neumann. 

SISD is one of the four main classifications as defined in Flynn's taxonomy. In this system klasifikasididasarkan on the instruction and data stream corresponding to attend dalamarsitektur computer.

According to Michael J. Flynn, SISD can have concurrent processing characteristics. The instruction execution pipeline and dinstruksi take an example of a commonly found in most modern komputerSISD.

4. MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data Stream)

MIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data stream) is a technique used to achieve paralelisme. Machines using MIMD have a number of asynchronous processors and independent functioning. Each time, different processors can execute different instructions on different parts of the data. 

MIMD architecture can be used in a number of application areas such as design / computer-aided manufacturing, computer-aided simulation, modeling, and as a communication switch. Memory MIMD machines can be good with or category of distributed memory. 

These classifications are based on how the processor accesses memory MIMD. Shared memory machine may type-bus-based, extended, or hierarchical. Distributed memory machines may have a hypercube or mesh interconnection scheme.